Physik · Zahl und Realität: Die begrifflichen und mathematischen Grundlagen einer universellen quantitativen Naturbeschreibung

Gottfried Falk, 1990

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-0348-9135-6

 

Energie und Entropie: Die Physik des Naturwissenschaftlers. Eine Einführung in die Thermodynamik

Gottfried Falk, Wolfgang Ruppel, 1976

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-67899-8

 

Mechanik, Relativität, Gravitation: Ein Lehrbuch. Die Physik des Naturwissenschaftlers

Gottfried FalkWolfgang Ruppel, 1975

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-96257-8

 

Mechanik Relativität Gravitation: Die Physik des Naturwissenschaftlers

Gottfried FalkWolfgang Ruppel, 1973

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-96123-6 

 

Mechanik, Relativität, Gravitation: Die Physik des Naturwissenschaftlers

Gottfried Falk Wolfgang Ruppel, 1983

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-68880-5

 

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http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/publication/pub_fremdsprachen/englisch.html

 

http://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2013/01/four-reasons-your-version-of-better-might-not-be-enough.html

 

diSessa's 1977 momentum: http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/5742

monopoles: http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090903/full/news.2009.881.html

 

http://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2013/01/four-reasons-your-version-of-better-might-not-be-enough.html

Four reasons your version of better might not be enough

I might not know about your better, because the world is so noisy I can't hear you.

I might not believe it's better, because, hey, people spin and exaggerate and lie. Proof is only useful if it leads to belief.

The perceived cost of switching (fear, hassle, internal selling and coordination, money) is far higher than your better appears to be worth.

Your better might not be my better. In fact, it's almost certainly not.

 

If photons have no mass: http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22s7d8/eli5if_photons_have_no_mass_how_do_solar_sails/

Failure units: http://www.neatorama.com/2014/06/17/How-to-Quantify-Failure/#!8xqjN

Slow a day? http://www.wired.com/2014/04/can-you-slow-down-a-day-using-angular-momentum/

Quantum monopole: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-cloud-simulates-magnetic-monopole/

 

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http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/skripten/edynamik.pdf

MNU 1998: http://www.mnu.de/images/Dokumente/PDF/concepta-alt/mnu_publ_kpk_mnu_1998.pdf

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_Physikkurs

 

Principls of Continuum mechanics: http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/engineering/engineering-design-kinematics-and-robotics/principles-continuum-mechanics-study-conservation-principles-applications

 

Fuchs series of papers: 

https://home.zhaw.ch/~fuh/MATERIALS/CPP_I.pdf

https://home.zhaw.ch/~fuh/MATERIALS/CPP_II.pdf

https://home.zhaw.ch/~fuh/MATERIALS/CPP_III.pdf

https://home.zhaw.ch/~fuh/LITERATURE/Literature.html

 

 

Historical burdens on physics

F. Herrmann and G. Job

The articles appear as a column in the German school science review Praxis der Naturwissenschaften since 1994. Now there exist about 140 single articles. The first 64 appeared in German language as a booklet. They are also available in the internet in Spanish and Italian translation. The English articles are published here one by one as translation is progressing. Our goal is one per month.

Introduction

 

1. Forms of energy --

2. Power -- 

 

3. Carnot efficiency -- "entropy mill"

 

4. Efficiency and Carnot Factor -- 

 

5. Pure energy -- radiation carries energy, momentum, angular momentum, and entropy

 

6. The Equivalence of Heat and Work -- drop it as postulate for energy, and use operational definition of heat

 

7. The Energy Mass Equivalence -- small amount of mass corresponds to a large amount of energy, but need anti-matter ("anti-sand")

8. Conservation laws -- "shows the lack of imagination of the would-be perpetual motion inventors, since they could also make a lot of money by breaking any of the other conservation laws."

Conserved: energy momentum angular momentum electrical charge lepton number baryon number color charge

Half-conserved: entropy

Not usually: amount of substance

 

9. Tendency to the energy minimum -- just account for thermal properties and don't "tacitly ascribe entropy created by friction to the environment."

10. Integrals of motion -- theoretical mechanics

11. Isolated Systems -- continuity equation makes it unnecessary

12. The energy conservation law -- it's actually simple! just like electric charge, can neither be created nor destroyed.

13. State variables -- drop them. either don't say it explicitly, or don't use work and heat at all.

 

THERM 14. Internal energy and heat -- Measuring the entropy experiment. 

 

THERM 15. Evaporating and boiling -- "when the water is boiling, the vapor above the water surface is pure water vapor. No resistance is opposing its evacuation."

 

16. Physical and chemical processes -- phase transitions, chemical reactions, electron/hole reaction, light and materials reaction, interstitial atoms with lattice vacancies, atomic nuclei, etc...

17. Chemical equilibrium -- aka "dynamic." say "when chemical equilibrium is reached, the reaction has come to a halt."

 

ELEC 18. Electrochemical cells -- demo basic principle, as done with electrical generator. Say "charge carriers go within the cell up-hill the electric potential mountain and down-hill the chemical potential mountain."

 

19. Nuclear reactions and radioactivity -- not easy to fix, use chemistry as a model.

 

20. Hysteresis -- manifestation of the imperfection of a magnetic material. "A soft magnetic material is analogous to an electric conductor with respect to an electric field. An electric conductor does not tolerate an electric field in its interior."

 

ELEC 21. Actions at a distance -- treat fields as a real system. "Two bodies with like charges are pulled away from each other by the field; bodies with like charges are pulled together."

 

THERM 22. The Third Law -- "It is impossible to completely deprive a substance of its entropy."

 

THERM 23. Thermal expansion of liquids and solids -- not a beginner topic?

 

THERM 24. Entropy -- no macroscopic property corresponds to "disorder interpretation". "The fact that it appears in another maiment in information theory, statistical physics, and the atomistic ideas of the chemists does not hinder it to appear in macrophysics in the role of heat."

 

25. Available energy -- ENERGY FLOW CHARTS. see Meyn's article?

 

ELEC 26. Excess and deficit of electrons -- (see 38) use low/high and out/in

 

MECH 27. Newton’s laws

     1. The momentum of a body does not change as long as no momentum enters or leaves the body. (Velocity constant without external force)

     2. The time rate of change of the momentum of a body is equal to the momentum current flowing into or out of the body. (F=ma, or F=dp/dt)

     3. When a momentum current is flowing from a body A to a body B, the momentum current leaving A is equal to the momentum current entering B. (action force = reaction force)

 

ELEC 28. The field as a region of space -- It's a real thing, like a gas. "An ideal gas is a substance or a system with following properties..." "An electric field is a system with the following properties" -- it has well-defined energy, momentum, angular momentum, and entropy; a pressure, may have temperature, consists of elementary portions in the case of electromagnetic field -- the photons.

 

MECH 29. Momentum as the product of m and v  -- mass is the "momentum capacitance" in p=mv. "For a gravitational field momentum plays a similar role as electric charge for the electromagnetic field. Together with the energy density, the energy flow density and the momentum flow density, it belongts to the sources of the gravitational field." Momentum is its own thing with a measuring procedure, and p=mv defines inertial mass as factor of proportionality between momentum and velocity.

     Measuring momentum: http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/publication/ajp/Measuring_momentum.pdf

 

THERM 30. Measuring entropy -- use an immersion heater.

 

THERM 31. Thermal radiation -- Don't identify infrared radiation and radiative heat transfer. Just name the thermal emitter. (?)

32. The dipole antenna -- Way to explain EM field generation. "a clarinet is a resonator from which a small portion of the energy current flowing back and forth is leaking out and thus is emitted. Just as the clarinet is more difficult to understand than the wave that is produced by it, the dipole oscillator is more difficult to understand than the electromagnetic wave."

33. Electronic shells -- use only the density of shells.

 

THERM 34. Maritime climate and the heat capacity of water  -- it's the volatility of water, not the abnormal specific heat capacity.

 

THERM 35. Preliminary temperature scales  -- skip thermal expansion and measure entropy S directly.

 

ELEC 36. Lenz’s law  --drop it it:  "by changing a sign arbitrarily any other conservation law can be violated."

     right-hand rule (Maxwell's 4th equation: Point thumb of right hand in direction of electric current. Curled fingers point in direction of magnetic field vector.

     left-hand rule (3rd equation): Point thumb of left hand in direction of charge dB of magnetic flux density, curled fingers point in direction of electric field vector of the induced electric field.

     Law of Induction: do not hesitate to use only the absolute values of pertinent quantities.

 

MECH 37. Static equilibrium and Newton’s third law  -- "Since no momentum accumulates anywhere, the current intensity must be the same at every cross section through the current."

 

 

ELEC 38. Two types of electric charge -- (see 26) use one single quantity "electric charge" which can admit positive and negative values, and is conserved. Say "electric or magnetic charges of the same or opposite sign"

 

ELEC 39. The conventional flow notation -- "Distinguish thoroughly between the concepts charge and charge carrier. Distinguish also between two directions: the flow direction of the electric charge and the direction of motion of the charge carriers (or the direciton of the mass current density vector). Whereas the electric charge flows (outside of the battery or power supply) from high to low potential, the charge carriers move in one or the other direction depending on the sign of their charge."

 

 

40. The empty atom -- 

Shell	Nucleus
mass less <<	mass
charge equal	charge =
angular momentum equal	angular momentum =
magnetic moments more (> or >>?)	magnetic moments

 

ELEC 41. The electromagnet -- when dealing with the magnetism of matter, use H not B, with H as measure by "much field" or "little field" and zero inside magnetic core of soft-magnetic materials. Iron core: "the field is squeezed out of the coil."

42. Magnetic poles -- introduce "magnetic charge," with theorem "The total magnetic charge of a magnet is zero."

43. The field of permanent magnets -- draw H lines, with magnetic poles as sources of the H field lines. Drawing H lines is same as drawing electric field lines for the charged end faces.

 

MECH 44. The dynamic pressure -- Bernoulli (p + rgh + 1/2rv^2 = const) says pressure decreases when 1) the velocity increases, 2) height increases.

 

MECH 45. Force and energy -- be careful!

46. Line of action -- leftover from "classical point menchanics" from the 18th and 19th century

Geometric entity:	Sometimes called:	Examples:
point	intensive	pressure, temperature (scalar), electric field strength (vectorial local)
line		voltage
surface area	current, flux, flow	electric current intensity, magnetic flux, power (scalar), force (vector)
region of space	extensive	mass, charge (scalar), entropy, momentum (vectorial extensive)

 

MECH 47. How an airplane flies -- "an airplane must set the air into a downward motion since it must get rid of the momentum that it gets steadily by means of the gravitational force." (Why does the vase on the table not fall down?)

48. Aether and vacuum -- avoid "empty space" completely when introducing the concept of field. ("According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable" -- Einstein, 1920)

 

MECH 49. Acceleration -- don't introduce acceleration, discuss position and velocity as a function of time (zero to 60 mph in 10 seconds), and Newton's second law as F=dp/dt.

50. Resonance frequency and natural frequency -- "resonance means that the energy which the oscillator absorbs and dissipates as a function of the excitiation frequency has a maximum value." ("resonance is when the absorbed energy has its maximum value.")

51. Equipotential surfaces -- use field lines and orthogonal field surfaces. 

	Flux sources: those places within a field where the divergence is different from zero	Circulation sources: the places where the curl of a field is different from zero.
electric field	electric charges	places where the magnetic flux is changing with time
magnetic field	magnetic line charges (linear magnetic poles)	electric currents

SEE AJP 68, p171, "Representations of electric and magnetic fields" -- herrmann et al.

     http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/publication/ajp/repr_of_fields_ajp.pdf

 

THERM 52. The heat transport through the atmosphere -- make convection in lower troposphere easier to see.

 

53. The concept of trajectory in quantum mechanics

54. Coherence of waves

 

55. Amount of heat and heat capacity

 

56. The current and its article

 

57. Instantaneous and average velocity

 

ELEC 58. The semiconductor diode as a rectifier

 

ELEC 59. The semiconductor diode as a solar cell

 

ELEC 60. Inductivity

 

61. The restoring force

 

62. Huygens’ principle

 

63. Magnetic poles of a solenoid

 

64. Linear characteristics

 

65. Shooting stars and space capsules

 

66. Pressure and force

 

67. Negative entropy

 

68. Entropy and life

 

69. Illustrations of the atom

 

70. Two effects of a force and three effects of an electric current

 

71. Sun and spectral lamps

 

72. Indistinguishable particles

 

73. Interaction

 

ELEC 74. Leakage field of the transformer

 

75. Forced oscillations and phase difference

 

76. Field and diffusion current

 

77. Names of the ideal gas law

 

 

78. Quartz clock and Geiger counter

 

79. Angular momentum conservation

 

80. Force fields

 

81. Momentum underrated

 

82. Microscopic – macroscopic

 

83. Muscular force

 

84. Technical terminology

 

85. Absolute space

 

86. The Michelson-Morley experiment

 

87. Heat transfer

 

88. Pulleys

 

89. Impulse

90. Double slit diffraction and interference of light

 

91. Two phenomena of electromagnetic induction

 

92. Conservative vector fields

 

93. Induced emf

 

94. The way of writing the equation E = mc^2

 

95. Eddy currents

96. Permeability

 

97. The photoelectric effect

98. Speed of light and speed limit

99. Measuring Planck’s constant by means of LED’s

100. Photons and phonons

101. Measuring precision

102. State of motion

103. The Maxwell speed distribution

104. Entropy of mixing

105. The wave function

106. Ignition spark and electromagnetic radiation

107. Mechanical stress within the electric and within the magnetic field

Viz 3D stress/strain tensor: http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~burkhard/GVRG/gradconf99.pdf

108. Mass excess

109. Where is the energy?

 

110. Closed B field lines

 

111. Temperature and kinetic energy of particles

 

112 Thermal energy

 

113. Potential energy

 

114. Test charge

 

115. Velocity-addition

 

116. Particles everywhere

 

117. Where is the field?

 

118. Unpolarized light

 

119. Electromagnetic transverse waves

 

120. The Carnot cycle

 

121. The Zeroth law of thermodynamics

 

122. Entropy as a measure of irreversibility

123. Mechanics versus thermodynamics